BIOLOGY PAPER 1 ANSWERED (CBSE 10+2 BOARD EXAMINATION)

SECTION – A

1. Give two functions of lenticels

i.   Gaseous exchange
ii.  Transpiration

2. Give full name of ACTH

A.    Adreno Cortico Trophic Hormone

Q. 3. Name the chemical released by WBCs which causes rise in temperature of the human body when infected.

Ans. Pyrogens

Q.4. Who signals the closure of stomata in certain plants during severe drought ?

Ans. Production of abssisic acid induces stomatal closure

Q.5. Examination of cells from foetal source is done by technique called as …….

Ans. Amniocentesis

Q.6. Match the following :

Column I ……………………………….. Column II

1. Vegetative reproduction by leaves ….a. Birds pollination
2. Haberlandt…………………………………..b. Gall wasp
3. Mango flowers………………………………c. Sage flower
4. Hypanthodium inflorescence…………..d.birds
5. Bees…………………………………………….e. Bryophyllum
6. Ornithophily …………………………………f. Father of plant tissue culture
7. Kigelia pinnata.…………………………….g. Anemophily
8. Bottlebrush ………………………………….h. Bats
9. Cannabis sativa …………………………….i. Polygamous

Ans.
1.- e, 2.- f, 3.-I, 4.- b, 5.- c, 6.- a, 7- h 8.- d, 9.- g

Q.7. Define green manure with examples

Ans. Green manuring is the cultivation of aquick growing crop which is ploughed so that it gets mixed up with the soil e.g. Lens esculenta (Lentil, masur)

Q.8. Name the enzyme which can break and release the strand of DNA
Ans. Topoisomerase

Q.9. Match the columns :

A.  Marriage between neighbours….(i) Trapa, Litchi
B.  Triploid Endosperm……………..(ii) Coleoptile
C.  Datura, Petunia………………….(iii) Coleorhiza
D.  Aril………………………………….(iv) Angiospermic seeds
E.  Mesocarp edible………………..(v) Cellular develpoment
F. Plumule sheath………………….(vi) Geitonogamy
G.  Radicle sheath………………….(vii) Wheat, Rice, Maize
H.  Caryopsis……………………….(viii) Mango

Ans.
A – vi , B – iv, C – v, D – i, E – viii, F – ii, G – iii, H – vii

Q.10. Due to mistake in transcription instead of ATG, UAG is formed in mRNA, what will be the effect of this in polypeptide chain ?

Ans. UAG is the terminal codon therefore, it will stop the translation

SECTION – B

Q. 11. What is the ecological advantage of seed dormancy ?

Ans.
i. It is an adaptation to ensure that seeds germinate only when the favourable environment is available.
ii. It helps in the storage of food crops and their transport from the place of production to a place of more commercial and economic value.
iii. It enables the embryo to tide over the unfavourable period of the year and germinate only when the conditions are favourable for the establishment of seedling.
iv. In nature the period of dormancy always coincides with the period unfavourable for the seedlings of the species.
v. Seeds can be stored artificially to ensure agricultural productivity.

Q. 12. Define three kinds of growth
(i) Auxetic
(ii) Accretionary
(iii) Multiplicative

Ans.
i) Auxetic growth :
In this type of growth volume of the body increases due to growth of body cells without any increase in number of cell.
Eg. nematodes, rotifers, tunicates

(ii) Accretionary :
During post embryonic growth only special type of cells remain undifferentiated and when required they can differentiate and reinforce or repalce the worn out differentiated cells.

(iii) Multiplicative :
The growth of orgainsm occurs due to increase in the number of cells constituting the body Eg. growth of embryo and prenatal growth of higher animals.

Q.13. Distinguish between exons and introns

Ans. Reported by PHILLIPS SHARP

INTRON
1. Location : Nucleotides of mRNA which do not code for any aminoacid
2. Function : None as they are not transcribed

EXON
1.Nucleotides of mRNA which code for amino acids
2.They are transcribed

Q.13 Explain aneuploidy and polyploidy with one example each.

Ans.
ANUEPLOIDY :
When the chromosome number of an individual is not the exact multiple of its haploid chromosome number or hetroploidy.
Eg. Mongolism

POLYPLOIDY :
When the chromosome number of an individual is a multiple of its haploid chromosome number
Eg. 3n, Hybrid variety of wheat

Q.14. Differentiate Allogamy and Autogamy

Ans.ALLOGAMY
1. Adaptation to nature ….Well adapted
2. Nature of flowers………Can be unisexual or hermaphrodite
3. Genetic Variations ….Many
4. Pollinating agents …. Have to depend on them
5. Amount of pollen ….Large is produced and wasted
6. Progeny …. Healthy generation due to hybrid vigour
7. Pollination … May or may not occur

AUTOGAMY
1. Adaptation to nature …. poor adaptation
2. Nature of flowers … always bisexual
3. Genetic Variations … None
4. Pollinating agents ….Need not depend on them
5. Amount of pollen …. Very little produced and wasted
6. Progeny … Poor progeny due to no variations
7. Pollination … Sure to occur

SECTION – C

Q.15. Give the examples of the following natural vegetative propagation

Ans
i. Bulbils : Family Liliaceae (eg. Dracaena, Agave)
ii. Gamme : Liverworts (Bryophytes)
iii. Corms : Amorphophallus , Alocasia
iv. Leaf : Bryophyllum, Bignonia

Q. 16 A man with blue eyes and black hair (homozygous for both) marries a woman with black eyes and blonde hair. Black eyes gene (B) is dominant over blue eyes (b) and black hair (R) is dominant over blonde hair (r) Work out the method of phenotypes of children of this couple.

Ans.
i. Genotype of the man : bbRR

ii. Genotype of the woman : BBrr or Bbrr

I. The phenotype of the children with mother as BBrr and father as bbRR will be
BBrr X bbRR
Gamete type of mother : Br
Gamete type of father : bR
Offspring : Br X bR = BbRr
Therefore, all the offspring will have black eyes and black hair.

II The phenotype of the children with mother as Bbrr and father as bbRR will be
Bbrr X bbRR
Possible gamete types of mother are Br and bR
Possible gamete types of father is bR
Phenotype of children
Br x bR = BbRr (black eyes, black hair) or
bR x bR = bbRR (blue eyes,black hair)

Hence 50% children will have black eyes and black hair and 50% children will have blue eyes and black hair.

Q. 17. Describe three types of RNA with their role in protein synthesis.

Ans.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) :

i. heterogenous class of RNA with respect to its size ans stability
ii. They consists of 103 – 104 ribonucleotides
iii. role in translation
Transfer RNA (tRNA) :

i. Cloverleaf molecule or soluble RNA
ii. They consist of approximatey 75 nucleotides
iii. help in carrying amino acids to site of protein synthesis
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

i. rRNA forms 80% of the total cellular RNA
ii. required for ribosomal assembly to play key role in binding mRNA to ribosomes
iii. They have approximately 120-4700 basews in mammals.

Q.18. Explain homologous, analogous and vestigial organs provide evidence by giving one example each.

Ans.
Homologous organs :
Same origin but different functions
Eg. pentadactyl limbs of vertebrates ; divergent evolution

Analogous :
Different origin but functionally same
Eg. wings of an insect and bat; convergent evolution

Vestigial organ:
Remnant structures which are non-functinal in anorganism but were functional in the ancestor
Eg. Vermiform appendix and plica semilunaris of man.

Q.19. Explain important phases of menstrual cycle.

Ans.
I Follicular or Proliferating phase :
i. lasts for 14 days
ii. involves hormones FSH and LH
iii. This phase involves the growth of ovarian follicles; thickening of endometrium and lining of fallopian tubes

II Luteal or secretory Phase :
i. lasts for about 10 days
ii. involves peak of LH and progasterone
iii. Involves ovulation , formation of corpus leuteum which release progasterone

III Menstrual or bleeding phase :
i. lasts for about 4 days
ii. involves reduction of LH causing regression of corpus leuteum and progesterone thereby increasing FSH from anterior pituitary.
iii. Causes death of endometrium resulting in bleeding to slough endometrium

Q.20. Draw a well labelled diagram of

(i) Angiosperm female gametophyte

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ii) A Nephron

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BIOLOGY PAPER 2 (CBSE 10+2 BOARD EXAMINATION)

SECTION – A

Q. 1. Name the mechanism by which rapid speciation occurs .

Q. 2. Name the organism in which industrial melanism has been observed.

Q.3. Who proposed ‘Germplasm theory” of evolution ?

Q. 4. Who propounded ‘Biogenetic Law’ and gave ‘Ontogeny recapitulates Phylogeny’?

Q. 5. Expand NAD, and ATP

Q. 6. Name two monocarpic plants which show gregarious flowering.

Q. 7. Name the subdivisions of biology involved in the following :

a. Inheritance of curly hair
b. Development of chick

Q. 8. What is the significance of Miller and Urey’s experiment?

SECTION B

Q. 9. In Bambusa tulda (a flowering plant) flowering occurs once in

(a) 18 years
(b) 38 years
(c) 28 years
(d) 48 years

Q. 10.The breeding and treatment of silk worms for producing raw silk is called

(a) apiculture
(b) silviculture
(c) pisciculture
(d) aquaculture

Q.11.The science which deals with the study of drugs and preparation of medicines is called

(a) psychology
(b) pharmacology
(c) pathology
(d) physiology

Q.12. In TMV the heredity material is

(a) DNA
(b) protein
(c) RNA
(d) lipid

Q.13.The microscopic study of tissues is

(a) anatomy
(b) histogenesis
(c) histology
(d) histolysis

Q.14. A plant which has remained unchanged for the past several million years is

(a) Eucalyptus
(b) Maize
(c) Pinus
(d) Ginkgo

Q.15. Exobiology is the study of

(a) external form of living beings
(b) relation of living beings with the external environment
(c) life in the atmosphere of the earth
(d) life in the outer space.

Q.16. A plant called living fossil is ___________________

SECTION C

Q. 19. What is a fossil? Give one example of fossil which is connecting link between reptiles and birds.

Q. 20. List the gases used in the experiment performed by Urey and Miller on the abiotic origin of organic molecules.

Q. 21. Give two examples from plant kingdom to explain that embryological evidences support theory of evolution.

Q. 22. Distinguish between biotechnology and bioinformatics.

Q. 23. Differentiate between homologous and analogous organs.

Q. 24. What do you mean by genetic drift and hybrid break down?

Q.25. What are allopatric and sympatric species?

Q. 26. What is Hardy Weinberg Law?

Q. 27. What is maent by each?

i. Geological time scale
ii. Mass extinction

Q. 28. What do you mean by natural selection. Give an example from human population which justifies this phenomenon.

SECTION D

Q. 29. i. What is meant by homeostasis?
ii. Mention two ways in which sodium chloride functions in our body.
iii. Define ethobiology.

Q. 30. What are Darwin’s finches? How do they support organic evolution?

Q. 31. Elucidate Baer’s Law and is significance.

Q. 32. What is metabolism? Mention the role of enzymes in metabolism.

Q. 33. What are the traditionally regarded basic characteristics that unify all living organisms?

Q. 34. Elucidate the role of biologists in respect of

i. Economic uses of plants and animals
ii. Usage of genetically modified food
iii. Understanding ecosystems.

Q. 35. What is adaptation ? Name two categories of adaptations found in living organisms with one example of each kind.

Q. 36. How does Industrial melanism bring about the action of natural selection?

SECTION E

Q. 37. Describe Lederberg’s Replica Plating Experiment and bring about its significance in the light of Darwinism.

or

What is the relation of sickle-cell anaemia, malaria and natural selection?

Q. 38. i. What are vestigeal organs?
How do vestigeal organs indicate human ancestory?
Explain giving examples.
ii. What is significance of Archaeopteryx in study of evolution?

or

Describe Stanley Miller and Harold Urey’s experiment. What is significance of this experiment?

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BIOLOGY PAPER 3 (CBSE 10+1 BOARD EXAMINATION)

SECTION A

Q.No.1. What is the meaning of binomial nomenclature?

Q.No. 2. In which cells of Nostoc, does nitrogen fixation take place?

Q.No.3. Name a parasitic red alga.

Q.No.4. Who made first attempt on classification of living things?

Q.No. 5. Name a parasitic angiosperm.

Q.No. 6. Name the book written by Charaka.

Q.No. 7. What is chemotaxonomy?.

Q.No.8. What are archaebacteria?

Q.No. 9. What are pyrenoids?

Q.No. 10. What is a taxon?

Q.No. 11 Who is referred as father of Ayurveda?

Q.No. 12 Arrange in ascending order: Speices, Order, Family, Kingdom, Genus, Phylum, Class.

Q.No. 13. When does meiosis occurs in life cycle of Funaria and Spirogyra ?

Q.No. 14. Who introduced the term species?

Q.No. 15. Give one example of each: acoelomate animal and pseudocoelomate organism

Q. No. 16 Who proposed the binomial system of nomenclature?

Q.No. 17. Name the bacteria that causes syphillis

Q.No. 18. Name 2 bacteria that produce endospores.

SECTION B

Q. 19.Write any four characteristic features of Fungi.

Q. 20. What are the advantages of giving scientific names to the organisms?

Q. 21. What are agarophytes? Give two examples.

Q. 22. What are phycocolloides? Name any two of them.

Q. 23. What are ramenta? Where will you trace them?

Q. 24. Give four classes of pteridophytes.

Q. 25. Name the phylum with which each of the following structures are associated:

i. Gemmules
ii. Nematocysts
iii. parapodia
iv. scutes

Q. 26. Name the larval stages of :

i. starfish
ii. annelida
iii. cnidarians
iv. Balanoglossus

Q. 27. Outline the role of coelom.

Q. 28. What is metagenesis? Name any animal showing it.

SECTION C

Q. 29. What is taxonomic key? How is a key constructed?

Q. 30. Enumerate the characteristic features of gymnosperms.

Q. 31. Enlist the common modes of reproduction in algae.

Q. 32. Give a term for the following:

i. Excretory organ of earthworm
ii. Molluscans with two hinged shells
iii. Muscular part in alimentary canal of birds to store and churn seeds
iv. Excretory organ of cockroach
v. excretory organs of platyhelminthes
vi. Coelom of nematodes

Q. 33. Distinguish between chondrichthyes and osteichthyes. Give one example of each with scientific names.

Q. 34. What are homeotherms? ii. Explain how birds are adapted to aerial mode of life.

Q. 35. Name three basic types of body plans in animals with examples

Q. 36. i. Disntinguish between cryptogams and phaenerogams
ii. Differentiate algae from fungi.

SECTION D

Q. 37. Differentiate bryophyta and pteridophyta and if there are any similarities in them
or

or
Give four characters which all chordates possess at sometime in their life cycle. What are three subphyla into which chordata is classified? Give an example of each.

Q. 38. i. What are triploblastic organisms? Give two examples one with radial symmetry and one with bilateral symmetry.
ii. Give some four differences between platyhelminthes and nematodes. Give an example of each.

or
What are distinguishing characters of vertebrata. Give its classes with examples

or
Draw diagram of ovule of Pinus, describe few significant features and make six labellings.

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ECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS

HETEROTROPHIC PLANTS

-They do not manufacture their own food & depends on others
-Usually saprophytes or parasites (total or semi)
Eg. Cuscuta, Cassytha, Orobanche and others

* LIANOID TYPE
Different types of climbers & twiners

* PROSTRATE TYPES
Xerophytic nature and plants possess decumbents & creeping stems

*RENASCENT TYPE
Plants producing leaves & flowers at different seasons of the year

*CACTUS TYPE
Fleshy Stems modified to PHYLLOCLADE ; leaves in form of scales or spines Eg. Opuntia

*SUCCULENT TYPE
Plants with soft & poorly lignified stems

*ROSETTE TYPE
Erect short internode stemmed plant.
Found in open green grasslands or arctic zones

*MUSA TYPE
Pseudostems formed of leaf sheaths.
Large size and herbaceous habit

*ARBOREAL and SHRUBY TYPE (PHANEROPHYTES)
Includes trees & shrubs and possess thick woody tissue

*HERBACEOUS TYPE (THEROPHYTES)
Plants with soft and thin stems of smaller size

*HYDROPHYTES
Plants of Swampy habitat or of marshy habitat containing water more than optimal average for any other plants
They have SPONGINESS in their tissue
– intercellular spaces prominent
– poorly developed root system
– Cuticle or PERIDERM (submerged cork cells) absent
– Stomata generally absent or formless
– feeble mechanical tissue
– conducting tissue poorly developed
– absence or less of secondary growth in stem/roots
– roots absent in floating hydrophytes Eg. Wolffia, Salvinia

Classified into three types
 Submerged
 Floating
 Amphibious

*SUBMERGED HYDROPHYTES
*Grow under water
*Quiet common in our country in pools,tanks,ponds & lakes
*Plant body is thin and delicate
*Usually yellowish green in colour
*Mostly rootless (eg. Urticularia ; Ceratophyllum)
*Poorly developed roots,if developed (Eg. Hydrilla; Spirallis; Vallinsnaria)
*Lleaves are thin and membranous
*Slender stem with mucilagenous cover
*Spongy plant body due to big AERENCHYMA
*Vegetative reproduction by fragmentation
*Root cap absent
*Epidermal cells with chloroplast
*Mesophyll undifferentiated into palisade or spongytissue
*Stomata absent or functionless
*Xylem/Phloem reduced
*Secondary growth absent
*Osmotic pressure of cells is LOW, hence WILT soon when removed from water
*Presence of thin walled parenchyma

*FLOATING HYDROPHYTES

*Free floating
.. Lemna
.. Azolla
.. Salvinia
.. Eichhornia
.. Marsilea

*Fixed floating
…Nymphaea

.. Spirodella
.. Nelumbium

.. Jussiaea

.. Victoria regia

.. Trapa

*AMPHIBIOUS HYDROPHYTES (Emergent anchored hydrophytes)
– grow on shallow water
– extend their roots well above the surface
– roots, part of stem & often portion of leaves are UNDER WATER, but mostly ROOT is AERIAL
– These are WELL ADAPTED in AERIAL & AQUATIC LIFE
– roots well formed
– leaves have thin cuticle
– stomata on both sides of leaves (AMPHISTOMATIC)
– leaves with palisade & spongy parenchyma
– vascular tissue is well developed
– air spaces less developed
– leaves are variously modified
– plants are usually erect
– Eg. Typha, Ranunculus auatilis, Ipomoea aquatica, Sagittaria

** FIVE IMPORTANT ADAPTATIONS OF HYDROPHYTES :

– Reduction or absence of Roots
– Presence of spongy & soft stem
– Astomatic or Amphistomatic leaves
– Presence of air spaces
– reduction of vascular tissue

*XEROPHYTES

-Plants growing on rocks, sandhills, table lands,deserts,alpine peaks
-Plants of relatively dry habitats
-Usually desert loving plants
-Grow on places where water is scarce, abundance of soluble salts in soil, richness of humus acids, low soil temperature, high temperature, and with intense illumination

-Roots are extremely branched,elongated, lot of roothair
-In some herbaceous xerophytes, roots are fleshy as in Dendelion
- In some stem is short and thick
-Mostly they are prostrate (creeping) type
-Certain xerophytes have chlorophyll in their stem Eg. Cactus, Capparis
-Leaves are densely covered with HAIR ( & cuticle) to reduce evaporation of water and light intensity and hence called TRACHOPHYLLOUS
-Leaves are highly reduced in number and in some thick, leathery in texture , hard & stuff; store lot of water Eg. Salvadora, Aloe, Agave, Cactus, Opuntia
-Mostly epidermal cells are cutinized or waxed Eg. Calotropis
-Stomata are very minute and on the lower side of leaves & generally sunken therefore leaves are HYPOSTOMATIC
-Mostly multilayered lignified hypodermis is present
-More of sclrenchyma in their leaves than mesophytes

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Life is not measured by how many breaths we take, but by the momonts that take our breath away

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(CBSE/ NCERT BOARD QUESTIONS SOLVED)

CHAPTER I THE LIVING WORLD

1. Why are living organisms classified?

1. Living organisms are classified in order to:
1. recognize and describe as completely as possible the basic taxonomic units of species
2. devise a method of grouping these units on the basis of their resemblance and relationships.
3. have a common scientific language for having uniform name of organisms all over the world for easy understanding.
2. Why are the classification systems changing every now and then?
2. The new discoveries by scientists in field of cell biology, genetics and evolution has changed the system of classification from time to time and a need was felt for including, besides gross morphology, other features such as cell structure, nature of cell wall, mode of nutrition, habitat, methods of reproduction and evolutionary relationships.
3. Illustrate the taxonomical hierarchy with suitable examples of a plant and an animal.
3. Hierarchial classification.
The taxonomic hierarchy refers to the framework in which the taxonomic groups are arranged in a definite order from higher to lower categories.
There are seven categories, which are as follows :
1. Kingdom 2. Phylum/ Division 3. Class
4. Order 5. Family 6. Genus
7. Species
For example, the taxonomic hierarchy of mango and dog respectively are as follows:
Kingdom .. Plantae (For Mango) Kingdom .. Animalia (For Dog)
Division .. Angiospermae Phylum .. Chordata
Class .. Dicotyledonae Class .. Mammalia
Order .. Sapindales Order .. Carnivora
Family .. Anacardiaceae Family .. Canidae
Genus .. Mangifera Genus .. Canis
Species .. indica Species .. familiaris

4. What do we learn from identification of individuals and populations?
4. The identification involves determining the name and place of an unknown organism in a system of classification. An organism could be identified with several identification tools or a set of characters called keys. It will help us to determine the similarity of individuals or population with the already known organsims and assign it to a particular taxonomic group .
5. Given below is the scientific name of mango. Identify the correctly written name.
Mangifera Indica Mangifera indica
5. Mangifera indica is the correctly written name as initial of specific epithet cannot be capital.
6. Define a taxon. Give some examples of taxa at different hierarchical levels.
6. •Taxon refers to group of concrete biological objects included in a taxonomical category.
• For example, ‘mammalia’ is a taxon where all animals with mammary glands constitute a group.
• Similarly the word ‘primates’ is a taxon that represents arboreal animals with flattened nails.
• The taxon, ‘Homo’ includes hominids with large brain, speech and long childhood.
• A taxon can be recognized, delimited and described.
7. Can you identify the correct sequence of taxonomical categories?
(a) Species ——–> Order ——–> Phylum ——–> Kingdom
(b) Genus ——–> Species ——–> Order ——–> Kingdom
(c) Species ——–> Genus ——–> Order ——–> Phylum

7. ‘c’ is the correct sequence
8. Try to collect all the currently accepted meanings for the word ‘species’. What is the meaning of species in case of higher plants and animals on one hand and bacteria on the other hand.
8. Species
Species forms the basis of classification.
- A species may be defined as a group of closely resembling organisms, having similar genetic material and are
reproductively isolated.
- The criterion of interbreeding to define a species does not apply to those organisms which reproduce
asexually therefore it is applicable to higher plants and animals but not bacteria
9. Define the following terms:
(i) Phylum (ii) Class (iii) Family (iv) Order (v) Genus
9. (i) Phylum
- A phylum contains/includes all organisms belonging to the different classes that have a few common
characters
(ii) Class
- A class is a group of similar/related orders, that have a few common characters.
(iii) Family
- A family is a group of related genera, that are more similar to one another than with the genera of other families.
(iv) Order
- An order is an assemblage of families, that resemble one another in a few characters.
(v) Genus
- Genus is a group of closely related species. A species cannot be named unless it is assigned to a genus.
10. How Is a key helpful in the identification and classification of an organism?
10. • A scheme for identification of plants and animals is called a key,
• Taxonomic keys are based on contrasting characters.
• There are two types of keys, indented and bracketed :

(i) The indented key, which provides sequence of choices between two or more statements of characters of species and the user has to make the correct choice for identification.
(ii) The bracketed key, where pairs of contrasting characters/statements are used ,identification and the number on the right of the statement chosen, indicates the choice of paired contrasting statements.

• To construct keys, we have to first identify the distinguishing features of each members of the group.
• Next, we have to frame questions about them in such a way that only one of the two answers is possible (some
features like present or absent, yes or no)
11. What are the advantages of a botanical garden?

11. (a) Botanical garden provides the visitor to compare plants in their natural living conditions.
(b) They help to get material for botanical research.
(c) They provide on the spot education about the plants.
(d) Botanical garden provides shelter to endangered species.
(e) These gardens also provide acts as a huge library of plants.

12. What criterion would you use to classify different people that you often meet?

12. The criterion used to classify people is same universally.
They are different only on the basis of races as, Negroid, Caucasoid, Australoid, Polynesian, Red Indians, Bushmen
and Mongoloids depending upon our morphological features and skin colour.
The members of all races or subspecies or varieties can freely interbreed.
Human being could be classified in full formal classification as described below:
Kingdom : Animalia
Phylum : Chordata
Subphylum : Vertebrata
Superclass : Tetrapoda
Class : Mammalia
Subclass : Theria
Infraclass : Eutheria
Cohort : Unguiculata
Order : Primata
Suborder : Anthropoidea
Superfamily : Hominidae
Family : Hominoidea
Subfamily : Homininae
Genus : Homo
Subgenus : Homo (Homo)
Species : Homo sapiens
Subspecies : Homo sapiens sapiens

13. What are taxonomical aids?
13. Taxonomical Aids.
All those aids (whether actual specimens or preserved specimens), which help in identification of a species or verification of a species, are called taxonomical aids.
• Some of the taxonomic aids are :
1. Herbaria
2. Botanical gardens
3. Museums and
4. Zoological